@article { author = {BostanÜnsal, Fatma}, title = {Women in Turkey under Pressure of Inconsistent and Contradictory Legal Systems: Secular versus Islamic}, journal = {International Journal of Women's Research}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {5-16}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Center for Women's Studies and Research, University of Tehran}, issn = {2322-3901}, eissn = {2463-2345}, doi = {}, abstract = {As Turkey is officially a secular state and it adopts Swiss Civil Code, thestate implements secular legal system. However, as people in Turkey are predominantlyMuslim and theyare born and raised in a traditionally Muslim environment,people generally and especially women live under the influence of these two sometimescontradictory and inconsistent legal systems and customs. As a result, thereare clashes and especially Muslim women are subjected to the negative impact ofthose clashes. So for example, women who wear headscarf because of being inline with Islamic principles face problems when they want to go to school or workor engage in politics. Or when they want to keep their maiden surname which isvery mainstream practice in many Muslim societies, it becomes impossible for Muslimwomen in Turkey because of the secular Swiss Law. In the present paper thecircumstances in which Muslim women live under these inconsistent and contradictorylegal systems will be studied.}, keywords = {Muslim,Headscarved Women,rights,Religion,Secular(ism). 1- PhD Candidate,International Islamic University of Malaysia,fatmabostanunsal@yahoo.com International Journal}, url = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50133.html}, eprint = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50133_b4386b7ee8a0ccd1832d489adde10038.pdf} } @article { author = {Gharavi Naeeni, Nahla}, title = {Kiramat (Generosity) and the Status of Woman in Qur’an}, journal = {International Journal of Women's Research}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {17-32}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Center for Women's Studies and Research, University of Tehran}, issn = {2322-3901}, eissn = {2463-2345}, doi = {}, abstract = {The story of the creation of man and woman in the Qur’an differs infundamental ways from the story of creation in the Bible. The Qur’an explainsthat, contiguous with the creation of Adam, was the creation of his mate from thesame material and essence. These two, Adam and Eve, hold equal positions as Allah’skhalafah(vicegerent) on earth. This article discusses the Kiramat(generosity)of women in the Qur’an with respect to their creation, status, understanding, abilityto be guided, devoutness to God, and freedom to choose. It delineates the specificexpression of kiramat for women in modest dress, behavior and in procreation. Herrole as a mother places a unique burden upon her, not only to maintain her ownstatus before Allah, but also to safeguard the spiritual health of children and preparethem to assume the role of vicegerent of Allah in the future.}, keywords = {Kiramat,woman,Qur’an,Vicegerent,Adam,Eve}, url = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50134.html}, eprint = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50134_47cefbaac84f31413db6d66da2668def.pdf} } @article { author = {Hakimzadeh, Rezvan and Hashemi, Zeynab and Rafatjah, Maryam}, title = {Women’s Employment and the Socio-Emotional Functions of the Family in Iran}, journal = {International Journal of Women's Research}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {33-44}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Center for Women's Studies and Research, University of Tehran}, issn = {2322-3901}, eissn = {2463-2345}, doi = {}, abstract = {The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship betweenwomen’s employment and the socio-emotional functions of the family. For the purposeof this study, 300 women were selected through method among women livingin district 11 of Tehran. 199 individuals were unemployed and 101 individualswere employed. They responded a researcher-made questionnaire which measuredsocial and emotional functions of the family. Social functions of the family wereassessed in three aspects of children’s academic achievement, children’s social adjustment,and women’s decision-making power in the family. Furthermore, emotionalfunctions were assessed in two dimensions of women’s intimacy with theirhusbands and women’s involvement in making decisions about reproduction. Thefindings of the study indicated that in the social function of the family, there wasno relationship between women’s employment and children’s social adjustment andacademic achievement; however, there was a positive relationship between women’semployment and their decision-making power in the family. In the emotionalfunction of the family, there was no relationship between women’s employmentand their intimate relationships with their husbands or with their decision makingabout reproduction and fertility.}, keywords = {women’s employment,Family Functions,social adjustment,Academic achievement,Intimacy with spouse,Decision-making power}, url = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50135.html}, eprint = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50135_9596dac661d281cbc790383b88416f48.pdf} } @article { author = {Iravani, Shahin}, title = {Women as Role Models (Exemplary Women in the Holy Koran)}, journal = {International Journal of Women's Research}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {45-58}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Center for Women's Studies and Research, University of Tehran}, issn = {2322-3901}, eissn = {2463-2345}, doi = {}, abstract = {There are some ambiguities about the status of women in Islam, andthis paper studies exemplary women in the holy Koran by content analysis, referringto valid interpretations. Its basic questions include: Koran’s method in introducingmodels, gender roles in Koran, and Koran’s criteria and modeling principles aboutexemplary women. The findings demonstrate that the Koran has acted very preciselyto introduce models based on certain criteria. Koran uses the term “osveh”for “model” and discusses two kinds of models: positive and negative ones; and explainstheir characteristics and behaviors in a creative manner. Most of the requiredvirtues stated in the holy Koran are common or similar for both genders, and someother virtues are embodied in women examples. The most significant of them isMary who is praised as a very great human being, a believer and also a sign of Godfor all believers including men. Koran mentions that gender is not an obstacle forhaving freewill and independence in making decisions; and presents two womenas examples for freewill; even though they usually are under greater pressure thanmen. The holy Koran concentrates on two virtues for all: standing against oppressionand leading a pious life; and introduces two women as role models with suchvirtues, not men. Furthermore, the Koran introduces and praises a female governorwho takes a different approach from men in governing a country and successfullymanages complex issues such as war and peace. Instead of confronting the armyof King Solomon, she took a diplomatic approach. Regarding women’s gender roles,motherhood and women’s role as a wife is greatly emphasized. In this regard, theholy Koran underlines the pivotal role of moving towards the right path; a womanaccompanying her husband in this path is a perfect spouse, and on the contrary, awoman should not obey or accompany her husband if he is going astray. Furthermore,regarding motherhood, the holy Koran mentions mothers’ suffering and theirlove and protection for their children under the most severe conditions.}, keywords = {Islam,Koran,Exemplary women,modeling,Education method}, url = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50136.html}, eprint = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50136_8c0192a16e750b90db90c7b88bd345d8.pdf} } @article { author = {Saeidian, Samira and Hosseini, Seyed Rouhollah}, title = {A Sociological Study of Iranian Women’s Role in Fictional Literature in the Recent Two Decades}, journal = {International Journal of Women's Research}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {59-72}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Center for Women's Studies and Research, University of Tehran}, issn = {2322-3901}, eissn = {2463-2345}, doi = {}, abstract = {Fictional literature has experiencedan increasing and stunning growthof women writers in the past two decades. In terms of quality and quantity, theincrease was to the extent that nowadays women’s names are mentioned sometimeseven more than men’s amongthe distinguished writers ofcontemporary Iranianliterature. On the other hand, these authors have often chosen the novel astheir main literary form. From the sociological view of novel and of critics such asGeorge Lukacs, the growth of women in fiction writingsmake sense in the contextof social and cultural developments of contemporary Iran,finding ways to pass thesociety toward modernity. In fact in this paper we assume that this unprecedentedgrowth is due to the general conditions dominant over the intellectual and socialenvironment of Iran and the transition of the society from traditional to amodernone; and amongother important factors regarding modernity, in this paper individualityis considered as the main element whose formation and evolutionthrough thehistory of modernity in Iran, has eventually led to a phenomenon we face today,i.e. the dramatic growth of female writers. In other words, individuality or femaleindividuation is the factor that has moved its way inspite of various political, culturaland social changes, and brought along other results which led to the stunningemergence of women in writing.}, keywords = {Fictional Literature,Female Writers,Modernity,Individualism,Sociological Study}, url = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50137.html}, eprint = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50137_142b0cc1675010cfb089f97a1ae5a49b.pdf} } @article { author = {Sattari, Mohammad and Mousavi, Sadegh}, title = {The Role of Gender in Photographic Works: Do Men and Women Capture Different Photographs?}, journal = {International Journal of Women's Research}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {73-88}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Center for Women's Studies and Research, University of Tehran}, issn = {2322-3901}, eissn = {2463-2345}, doi = {}, abstract = {Gender usually plays a significant role in the works of photographers andcauses men and women to take different photographs. Nowadays, photographsand photography have a crucial and pivotal status in societies. The majority of theevents and accidents unfolding in various parts of the world are communicatedto the people via newspapers, magazines, internet and television, and undoubtedly,photographs play an imperative role in all of these media. It is not surprisingthat photography is called ‘the eyes of modernity’ and imagining the world withoutphotographs is very difficult. Additionally, one of the topics that researchershave paid a lot of attention to in the past century is the subject of gender, andthe similarities and differences between men and women. Female photographershave always been an irrefutable part of the history of photography, and today, weare seeing a dramatic growth in their presence and success in different genres ofphotography. Hence, this question is raised that ‘do men and women capture differentphotographs?’ Some valuable researches have been carried out in the pastdecades on the subject of gender and also the differences between how men andwomen see, but only a few have focused on the differences between male and femalephotographers. In this article, the hypothesis was accepted by assessing thefollowing aspects: studying the differences between men’s and women’s point ofgaze (where one is looking); examining the differences between male and femalephotographer’s emotions; studying and comparing the works of various photographers;examining the working conditions of photographers; reviewing the differentreactions a single subject might have towards a male or female photographer; andfinally, studying some of the interviews and memoirs of successful photographers. Generally female photographers are more drawn to story, narrative and emotion,but many males are also drawn to such subjects; male photographers are more drawn to technical and action-filled subjects, but many females are alsodrawn to such subjects. Hence, for each stereotype regarding photographs andgender, numerous photographers or photographs can be found that challenge ordefy it. Men and women capture different photographs but this should not give usthe excuse to impose our stereotypes and clichés on a particular photographer,whether male or female.}, keywords = {Photo,men,Women,Gender,eye tracking}, url = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50138.html}, eprint = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50138_81dec226ef036f0a6ea868b47e8d1eb7.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Persian Abstract}, journal = {International Journal of Women's Research}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {89-92}, year = {2013}, publisher = {Center for Women's Studies and Research, University of Tehran}, issn = {2322-3901}, eissn = {2463-2345}, doi = {}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50139.html}, eprint = {https://ijwr.ut.ac.ir/article_50139_ff58c77cbdff52ac934165de6690d27c.pdf} }